Snowpack is a unique indicator in assessing both local and transboundary contaminants.\nWe considered the features of the snow chemical composition of the Valday Upland, Russia, as a\nlocation without a direct influence of smelters (conditional background) in 2016â??2019. We identified\nthe influence of a number of geochemical (landscape), biological (trees of the forest zone, vegetation),\nand anthropogenic factors (technogenic elements-lead, nickel) on the formation of snow composition.\nWe found increases in the content of metals of technogenic origin in city snowfall in the snowpack:\ncadmium, lead, and nickel in comparison with snowfall in the forest. Methods of sequential and\nparallel membrane filtration (in situ) were used along with ion-exchange separation to determine\nmetal speciation (labile, unlabile, inorganic speciation with low molecular weight, connection with\norganic ligands) and explain their migration ability. We found that forest snow samples contain metal\ncompounds (Cu, Pb, and Ni) with different molecular weights due to the different contributions of\norganic substances. According to the results of filtration, the predominant speciation of metals in the\nurban snow samples is suspension emission (especially more 8 mkm). The buffer abilities of snowfall\nin the forest (in various landscapes) and in the city of Valday were assessed. Based on statistical\nanalysis, a significant difference in the chemical composition of snow in the forest and in the city,\nas well as taking into account the landscape, was shown. Snow on an open landscape on a hill is\nmost susceptible to airborne pollution (sulfates, copper, nickel), city snow is most affected by local\npollutants (turbidity, lead).
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